Genau

Prepositions and their cases

die Präpositionen

German prepositions are small words that come before a noun, link it to the sentence and decide its case: für dich, mit dir.

Not “Ich gehe in der Schule” but “in die Schule”. The preposition decides Akkusativ or Dativ, not you. English never asks you to do this — “to the school” and “in the school” only differ in the little word — so this is where the case habit has to be built from scratch.

01

Prepositions fall into three groups

ShortcutYou don’t choose the case, the preposition does: für demands Akkusativ, mit demands Dativ — no exceptions.

When you meet a preposition, the only question to ask is: which group is it in? The answer is one of three, and once the group is clear, the article that follows is clear too.

GroupWhat it doesExample
Always AkkusativAlways followed by Akkusativfür den Mann · ohne mich
Always DativAlways followed by Dativmit dem Mann · bei mir
Two-way (Wechsel)Changes with the question: wo? → Dativ, wohin? → Akkusativin der Stadt / in die Stadt

The third group is a topic of its own and has nine prepositions — the wo? / wohin? page covers it in detail. This page nails down the lists for the first two groups.

02

Akkusativ prepositions — the five core ones

PrepositionMeaningExample
durchthroughWir gehen durch den Park.
fürforDas ist für dich.
gegenagainst · towardsIch bin gegen diesen Plan.
ohnewithoutOhne dich gehe ich nicht.
umaround · at (a time)um den Tisch · um acht Uhr
bisuntil · as far asbis nächsten Montag
entlangalong (after the noun)Ich gehe den Fluss entlang.

Memory line: durch · für · gegen · ohne · um — say all five in one breath. bis and entlang belong to the same group, but in everyday German they are mostly used without an article, so they come later.

ohne usually takes no article: ohne Auto · ohne Geld · ohne Zucker. That is a habit, not a rule — it gives the sense of “none at all”.

03

Dativ prepositions — nine of them

PrepositionMeaningExample
ausout of · from (home country)Ich komme aus der Türkei.
beiat · with (someone’s home, a workplace)Ich wohne bei meinen Eltern.
mitwithIch fahre mit dem Bus.
nachafter · to (city/country)nach dem Essen · nach Berlin
seitsince · for (still going)seit einem Jahr
PrepositionMeaningExample
vonfrom · ofDas Buch von meinem Bruder.
zuto (a person/place of business)Ich gehe zu dem Arzt. → zum Arzt
außerexceptAlle außer mir.
gegenüberopposite (after the noun)Der Bank gegenüber.

Memory line: aus · bei · mit · nach · seit · von · zu — the seven fit into one rhythm, the other two are rare. These seven cover most of the sentences you will meet at A1.

  • mit mir · mit dir · mit ihm · mit ihr · mit uns · mit euch · mit ihnen · mit Ihnen
  • The same set works for bei · von · zu · aus · nach · seit.
  • Compare: für mich · ohne dich · gegen ihn — those are Akkusativ. The whole table is on the pronoun page.
04

Every preposition has its own page

The two lists above answer “which preposition takes which case?”. But when you want to learn everything a single preposition does, a list isn’t enough: bei has five separate uses, für has four. Each page below opens up one preposition completely — its meanings, its contractions, the prepositions it gets mixed up with, and the traps specific to it.

Akkusativ prepositions
Dativ prepositions
Two-way prepositions — position Dativ, direction Akkusativ

You can open these nine one by one from above. What they share — standing still means Dativ, moving means Akkusativ — and the wo? / wohin? pair that asks the question is a separate system, covered together on the wo? · wohin? · woher? page.

05

Contractions — im · am · zum · zur

In speech, the preposition and the article fuse. These are not abbreviations, they are the normal form: Germans almost never say the spelled-out version in everyday talk.

Spelled outContractedExample
in demimim Kino · im Mai · im Sommer
in dasinsins Kino gehen
an demamam Montag · am Bahnhof
an dasansans Meer fahren
zu demzumzum Arzt · zum Bahnhof
zu derzurzur Schule · zur Arbeit
bei dembeimbeim Arzt · beim Essen
von demvomvom Bahnhof

Careful: zum and zur are Dativ (zu always takes Dativ). ins and ans are Akkusativ — there is a direction, there is movement.

06

nach · zu · in — three ways to say “to”

English has one little word for going somewhere: “to the doctor’s, to Berlin, to Turkey, to the cinema”. German splits it in three, and the choice depends on the kind of place you are heading for. This is where the most common mistake happens.

Where to?PrepositionExample
City · country without an article · directionnachnach Berlin · nach Deutschland · nach links · nach Hause
Person · institution · shopzuzum Arzt · zu meiner Mutter · zur Post · zur Arbeit
Enclosed space you go into · country with an articlein + Akkusativins Kino · in die Stadt · in die Türkei · in die Schweiz

Most countries have no article → nach. The ones with an article can be counted and take in: die Türkei · die Schweiz · die USA · der Iran · die Niederlande.

Ich fahre nach der Türkei.

country with an article — nach doesn’t work

Ich fahre in die Türkei.

I’m going to Turkey.

Ich gehe zum Arzt.

I’m going to the doctor’s.

Practice now

What you just learned

  • Das Bild hängt an ___ Wand.

    Show the answer

    der. hängen states a position here → wo? → Dativ. die Wand is der Wand in the Dativ. If it were the act of hanging: Ich hänge das Bild an die Wand.

  • Ich fahre ___ Berlin. (preposition)

    Show the answer

    nach. Cities and countries without an article take nach. The rule boils down to three: place without an article → nach, place with an article → in + Akkusativ, person/institution → zu.

  • The prepositions “mit” and “nach” are always used with Akkusativ.

    Show the answer

    False. The prepositions mit and nach always take Dativ.

07

Traps

TRAP 01

für mir · mit mich

Once the case gets muddled on a pronoun, the sentence sounds foreign instantly. The rule only runs one way: für demands Akkusativ, mit demands Dativ — whatever you meant to say, the preposition has already decided.

Das ist für mir.

für → must be Akkusativ

Das ist für mich.

That’s for me.

Kommst du mit mir?

Are you coming with me?

TRAP 02

nach Hause / zu Hause

Both mean “home”, but one is direction and the other is position: nach Hause = (going) home. zu Hause = at home. English blurs them (“I’m going home” / “I’m home”); in German, mix them up and the sentence stops making sense.

Ich gehe nach Hause.

I’m going home.

Ich bin zu Hause.

I’m at home.

TRAP 03

Mixing up seit and für

The English “for two years” gets translated as für zwei Jahre, but in German something that is still going on takes seit, and the verb is in the present tense — just like “I have lived here for two years” becomes “I live here since two years”.

Ich wohne für zwei Jahre hier.

“for two years” as a plan, not the current situation

Ich wohne seit zwei Jahren hier.

I have been living here for two years.

seit takes Dativ; in the plural the Dativ -n appears: zwei Jahren. Where that -n comes from is explained on the plural page.

TRAP 04

Putting gegenüber and entlang in front

These two prepositions come after the noun. Think of “opposite” being tacked on at the end: der Bank gegenüber, den Fluss entlang. Putting them in front is not wrong, but it sounds old-fashioned or formal.

TRAP 05

Looking for a verb’s own preposition in this list

warten auf · denken an · sich freuen über — these prepositions don’t come from meaning, they are glued to the verb and don’t follow the grouping here (English does the same: “wait for”, not “wait at”). That is a separate topic: the verb + preposition page.

Ich warte auf dich.

I’m waiting for you. — not “on”, it’s the verb’s preposition

08Build

Build the sentence yourself

Tap the words and put them in order. This is the hardest part of German — and there are no options to pick from, you build it.

  1. tap the words

  2. tap the words

  3. tap the words

Tips

Know this before the test

The core of the topic in three lines, then the mistakes people make most often.

  1. Learn two lists, solve the rest with a question

    Five prepositions always take Akkusativ, nine always take Dativ — no arguing, you memorise them. The remaining nine change depending on the situation.

    für · ohne · durch · gegen · um ↔ mit · nach · bei · seit · von · zu · aus

  2. For the two-way ones, ask: wohin or wo?

    With the nine two-way prepositions, what decides is not movement but the destination: heading to a place means Akkusativ, staying in a place means Dativ.

    ins Kino (wohin?) · im Kino (wo?)

  3. Contraction isn’t compulsory, but it is what sounds natural

    Preposition and article very often shrink into one word. The spelled-out form isn’t counted wrong; it’s just that nobody talks like that.

    in dem → im · zu der → zur · an das → ans

  • Ich gehe in der Schule.

    Ich gehe in die Schule.

    gehen asks for a destination → Akkusativ. in der Schule means “I’m at school”.

  • Ich gehe nach dem Arzt.

    Ich gehe zum Arzt.

    You go to people and institutions with zu. nach is only for place names without an article.

  • Ich fahre zu Berlin.

    Ich fahre nach Berlin.

    Cities and countries without an article take nach. zu would treat the place like an institution.

  • Ich bin seit zwei Jahre hier.

    Ich bin seit zwei Jahren hier.

    Two rules at once: seit takes Dativ and plural Dativ adds -n to the noun.

0807:30

Test yourself

Tap an answer — we will look at why together.

Das Geschenk ist dich.

The present is for you.

für. dich is Akkusativ, so you need one of the Akkusativ prepositions. mit · von · bei all take Dativ (mit dir).

Ich fahre mit Bus.

I go by bus.

dem. mit always takes Dativ; der Bus becomes dem Bus in the Dativ.

I’m going to Turkey.

I’m going to Turkey.

in die Türkei. die Türkei is a country with an article → in + Akkusativ. nach only works with countries without an article (nach Deutschland).

I’m going to the doctor’s.

I’m going to the doctor’s.

zum Arzt. You go to people and institutions with zu; zu dem contracts to zum. There is no article-less form zu Arzt.

I have been living here for two years.

I have been living here for two years.

seit zwei Jahren. A situation that is still going takes seit, and plural Dativ adds -n. für zwei Jahre means two years ahead — a period that hasn’t started yet.

I’m at home.

I’m at home.

zu Hause. Position is zu Hause, direction is nach Hause. Both are set phrases — Haus takes no article here, so don’t go hunting for a rule.
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Worksheet

Preposition pocket card

This whole page — tables, traps, examples — as one PDF. Download it, print it, run through it before the exam.